Barreras para la utilización de servicios de Atención Primaria de Salud en Personas migrantes internacionales / Barriers for the use of primary care services by international migrants

Objetivo: analizar las barreras que enfrentan las personas migrantes internacionales al utilizar los servicios de Atención Primaria de salud en la comuna de Antofagasta, Chile.Método: diseño de investigación cualitativa bajo un enfoque interpretativo fenomenológico-descriptivo. Se utilizó un muestreo por conveniencia y por bola de nieve hasta la saturación del discurso. La muestra se conformó por 42 personas mayores de 18 años (personal funcionario y personas migrantes). Se realizaron entrevistas individuales y grupales semiestructuradas. Para el análisis de los datos se llevó a cabo un análisis reflexivo temático, con codificación abierta para la posterior construcción de categorías. Como criterios de calidad se utilizó la triangulación, la confirmabilidad y la reflexividad.Resultados: desde el personal funcionario de salud se identificaron dimensiones como la aceptabilidad del otro, el idioma y la alteridad racializadora. Desde las personas migrantes internacionales se destacó el idioma, el trato discriminatorio y las dificultades en el acceso relacionadas con los procedimientos administrativos para afiliarse al seguro público de salud. Además, se identificaron barreras en las interacciones diarias entre los equipos de salud y las personas migrantes, en las cuales las interpretaciones mutuas de las acciones desempeñan un papel importante.Conclusiones: las barreras existentes en la utilización de los servicios de la Atención Primaria de Salud presentan componentes del sistema asociado a políticas y normativas que en las prácticas se relaciona a un segundo componente, el individual, en donde el personal funcionario y las personas migrantes estarían plasmados en las interacciones cotidianas durante el proceso de atención.(AU)

Objective: to analyse the barriers faced by international migrants when using Primary Care services in the commune of Antofagasta, Chile.Method: a qualitative research design with an interpretative phenomenological-descriptive approach. Convenience and snowball sampling was used until the saturation point was reached. The sample was formed by 42 >18-year-old persons (civil servants and migrants). Semi-structured individual and group interviews were conducted. Reflexive-thematic analysis was used for data analysis, with open coding for subsequent category building. The quality criteria used were triangulation, confirmability and reflectivity.Results: the dimensions identified by the health civil servants were: acceptability of the other, language, and racialization otherness. The international migrants highlighted language, discriminatory treatment, and difficulties for access associated with administrative procedures to enrol in the public health system. Moreover, barriers were detected in the daily interactions between health services and migrants, where mutual interpretations of actions played a major role.Conclusions: the current barriers for the use of Primary Care services presented system components associated with policies and rules which in practice are associated with a second component, the individual one, which would be reflected in the daily interactions by civil servants and migrants during the process of care.(AU)

Scale Measurement of Health Primary Service Utilization among the Migrant International Population.

In this article, we analyze the internal structure of the scale for experience in exercising the right to health care (EERHC), based on the focus from the World Health Organization (WHO) on the right to health care, from the perspective of international migrants, in Chile. The methodology was an instrumental study (n = 563) conducted to analyze the psychometric properties of the EERHC scale. Its reliability and internal consistency were evaluated, while the exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) model and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to identify the structure of relationships between the variables measured. The item-dimension correlations obtained present levels of r ≥ 0.3, and the Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω presented ranges >0.9, considered to be acceptable on all models. Results: the model was selected for presenting a good fit index χ2 = 24,850, df = 300, p = 0.000; RMSEA = 0.07; CFI = 0.97; TLI = 0.95; and SRMR = 0.03. The evidence obtained lets us conclude that the scale has forty-five items and four dimensions. The findings demonstrate a good internal structure and are useful to measure primary health care service utilization based on the framework.

Accesibilidad en la atención primaria de salud desde la perspectiva de migrantes y personal de salud en antofagasta, chile

Objetivo: Analizar los discursos y experiencias sobre la percepción de la accesibilidad a la atención primaria de salud desde la perspectiva de personas migrantes internacionales y el personal de salud en Antofagasta, zona norte de Chile. Material y Método: Estudio con enfoque cualitativo y diseño de tipo fenomenológico descriptivo; participaron 14 residentes de la comuna de Antofagasta durante el 2021, siete migrantes internacionales y 7 trabajadores de la atención primaria de salud. El muestreo fue no probabilístico por bola de nieve y la selección se realizó mediante participantes semilla. Resultados: Las categorías que presentan las personas migrantes son: 1) Accesibilidad Horaria, con subdimensiones: elementos del sistema y elementos del usuario; 2) Peligros Percibidos; 3) Discriminación, con subdimensiones: trato al usuario y disponibilidad de servicios; 4) Accesibilidad a la Información. Desde el personal de salud las categorías fueron: 1) Accesibilidad Horaria; 2) Peligros Percibidos; 3) Facilitadores en Salud. Conclusión: Existe una brecha entre la población migrante y el personal de salud, que no permite una óptima atención y accesibilidad, esto por la ausencia de capacitación, limitación de recursos y concientización.

Objective: To analyze the discourses and experiences regarding the perception of accessibility to primary healthcare from the perspective of international migrants and healthcare professionals in Antofagasta, northern Chile. Material and Method: A qualitative approach study with a descriptive phenomenological design, the sample consisted of 14 participants from the city of Antofagasta in the year 2021: 7 international migrants and 7 primary healthcare professionals. Non-probability sampling was used. The snowball method was used to select participants through seed participants. Results: The categories expressed by the migrants were: 1) Timely accessibility with the sub-dimensions: system elements and user elements; 2) Perceived hazards; 3) Discrimination with the sub-dimensions: user service and availability of services; 4) Information availability. From the health professionals' perspective, the categories were: 1) Timely accessibility; 2) Perceived hazards; 3) Health facilitators. Conclusion: There is a gap between the migrant population and healthcare professionals, which hinders optimal care and accessibility. This is attributed to lack of training, limited resources and awareness.

Objetivo: Analisar os discursos e experiências sobre a percepção da acessibilidade aos cuidados de saúde primários, do ponto de vista de pessoas migrantes internacionais e profissionais de saúde, em Antofagasta, região norte do Chile. Material e Método: Estudo com uma abordagem qualitativa e desenho fenomenológico descritivo. 14 residentes na cidade de Antofagasta participaram durante o ano de 2021: 7 migrantes internacionais e 7 profissionais de saúde primária. O tipo de amostra foi não probabilístico e a amostragem foi feita com o método bola de neve e a seleção foi conduzida por participantes semente. Resultados: As categorias apresentadas pelos migrantes são: 1) Acessibilidade horária, com as subdimensões: elementos do sistema e elementos do usuário; 2) Perigos percebidos; 3) Discriminação, com as subdimensões: tratamento do usuário e disponibilidade de serviços; 4) Acessibilidade de informações. Para os profissionais de saúde, as categorias foram: 1) Acessibilidade horária; 2) Perigos percebidos; 3) Facilitadores de saúde. Conclusão: Existe uma lacuna entre a população migrante e os profissionais de saúde que não permite uma atenção e acessibilidade ótimas, devido à falta de formação, limitações de recursos e conscientização.

Meanings and Practices in Intercultural Health for International Migrants.

In this article, meanings and practices in intercultural health for international migrants in health establishments are described from the perspective of health personnel in the city of Antofagasta in northern Chile. METHODOLOGY: The methodology was qualitative with a phenomenological descriptive design, through which discourses from health personnel in the public primary and secondary care system were explored (n = 23). Next, meanings and practices in intercultural health for international migrants in health establishments are described from the perspective of health personnel in the northern Chilean city of Antofagasta. RESULTS: The participants presented trees of thematic categories. There were three thematic categories overall: (1) The meaning of interculturality included features of understanding of the concept, with respect for culture being the transversal axis in all discourses. (2) Practices in health care, where voluntariness, references, and the adequacy or non-technicality of the language are fundamental axes. (3) Training in the intercultural approach, where there is often self-knowledge and lack of supply in the health system. CONCLUSIONS: The findings show essential elements to consider in the care of international migrants, including the training and awareness of staff about the intercultural approach through strategies following the local reality in which each health establishment exists.

How Do Health Teams Perceive International Migrant Users of Primary Care?

The following study aims to describe the perception of international migrants who use the primary level of care by health personnel and to explore how this perception can affect the care process in the commune of Antofagasta, north of Chile. Methodology: The methodology was qualitative using a phenomenological descriptive design, through which the discourses of the health personnel of three primary health care centers (n = 14) were explored. Results: The participants presented two thematic categories. The first one related to experiences during delivery of care to migrants and included perceptions and beliefs, factors associated with using services, and reasons for consultation. The second category related to stereotypes towards migrants, including prejudices, beliefs about their lives and reasons for migration. Conclusions: The therapeutic relationship with migrants in primary care depends on the health care personnel's acceptability of this population, hence, allowing the delivery of care based on respect for their culture and rights.

Humanización del cuidado desde la perspectiva de niños-niñas y adolescentes hospitalizados: revisión integrativa

Objetivo: Analizar los factores que contribuyen en la percepción de la humanización del cuidado de niñas, niños y adolescentes hospitalizados. Material y Método: Se realizó una revisión integrativa de literatura entre los años 2016 y 2021, utilizando las bases de datos de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud. Para la búsqueda y selección de artículos se utilizó la metodología de Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). La muestra quedó conformada por 20 artículos. La calidad de los artículos se evaluó a través de las guías: Metodología e Investigación en Cirugía (MINCIR) para estudios observacionales descriptivos y Programa de Habilidades en Lectura Crítica Español CASPe. Resultados: Los factores asociados a la humanización del cuidado se agrupan en factores del sistema de salud, como el establecimiento y personal de salud. Un segundo grupo de factores se relacionan con la percepción del niño(a) o adolescente, lo que se asocia con factores de salud mental, ámbito corporal y satisfacción. Conclusión: Entre los factores asociados a la humanización del cuidado desde la percepción de niños(as) y adolescentes destacan aspectos relacionados a la mirada del Otro como ser humano y sujeto de derecho.

Objective: To analyze the factors that contribute to the perception of the humanization of the care of hospitalized children and adolescents. Material and Method: An integrative literature review was conducted between 2016 and 2021, using the Virtual Health Library databases. For the search and selection of articles, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology was used. The simple consisted of 20 articles. The quality of the articles was evaluated through the Methodology and Research in Surgery (MINCIR) for descriptive observational studies and Spanish Critical Reading Skills Program (CASPe) guidelines. Results: The factors associated with the humanization of care are grouped into health system factors, such as the health facility and personnel. A second group of factors is related to the perception of the child or adolescent, which is associated with mental health factors, body environment and satisfaction. Conclusion: Among the factors associated with the humanization of care from the perception of children and adolescents, aspects related to the view of the Other as a human being and subject of rights stand out.

Objetivo: Analisar os fatores que contribuem para a percepção da humanização do atendimento de crianças e adolescentes hospitalizados. Material e Método: Uma revisão integrativa da literatura foi realizada entre 2016 e 2021, utilizando as bases de dados da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Para a busca e seleção dos artigos, foi utilizada a metodologia Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A amostra consistia em 20 artigos. A qualidade dos artigos foi avaliada utilizando as diretrizes Metodologia e Pesquisa em Cirurgia (MINCIR) para estudos observacionais descritivos e Programa de Habilidades Críticas de Leitura em Espanhol (CASPe). Resultados: Os fatores associados à humanização do atendimento estão agrupados em fatores do sistema de saúde, tais como a instalação de saúde e o pessoal de saúde. Um segundo grupo de fatores está relacionado à percepção da criança ou adolescente, que está associado a fatores de saúde mental, ambiente corporal e satisfação. Conclusão: Entre os fatores associados à humanização do cuidado a partir da percepção das crianças e adolescentes, destacam-se aspectos relacionados à visão do Outro como ser humano e sujeito de direitos.

La naturaleza del cuidado humanizado / A natureza do cuidado humanizado / The nature of humanized care

Resumen: El objetivo del siguiente artículo reflexivo es analizar la naturaleza del cuidado humanizado en Enfermería. Esta discusión se contextualiza durante la práctica del quehacer en los diferentes campos de trabajo donde se desenvuelve el profesional de la salud, considerando el sujeto del cuidado, el acto de cuidado, la comunicación y el paradigma holístico. El análisis se obtuvo mediante la búsqueda teórica multidisciplinar que presenta variados autores. La literatura utilizada busca comprender y profundizar, en los componentes necesarios para la realización de un cuidado humanizado. Se consultaron diversos autores a través de la exploración bibliográfica abarcando 34 documentos. En conclusión, la práctica sin la comprensión de los atributos sólo lleva a la realización de la atención presentando como característica principal una relación vertical- unidireccional entre el profesional y el usuario. Los atributos indispensables en la realización del cuidado humanizado son: el ser humano, relación profesional - usuario, sujeto del cuidado, comunicación y enfoque holístico.

Resumo: O objetivo do seguinte artigo pensativo é analisar a natureza do cuidado humanizado na Enfermagem. Essa discussão é contextualizada durante a prática de fazer nas diferentes áreas de trabalho onde o profissional de saúde é realizado, considerando o tema do cuidado, o ato de cuidado, comunicação e o paradigma holístico. A análise foi obtida por meio da busca teórica multidisciplinar apresentada por vários autores. A literatura utilizada também busca compreender e aprofundar, nos componentes necessários para a realização do cuidado humanizado. Para o acima exposto, vários autores foram consultados por meio de exploração bibliográfica, abrangendo 34 documentos. Em conclusão, a prática sem a compreensão dos atributos só leva à realização da atenção, apresentando como a principal característica uma relação vertical de sentido único entre o profissional e o usuário. Os atributos indispensáveis na realização do cuidado humanizado são: o ser humano, a relação profissional-usuário, o tema do cuidado, comunicação e uma abordagem holística.

Abstract: The objective of the following thoughtful article is to analyze the nature of humanized care in Nursing. This discussion is contextualized during the practice of doing in the different fields of work where the health care professional is carried out, considering the subject of care, the act of care, communication and the holistic paradigm. The analysis was obtained through the multidisciplinary theoretical search presented by various authors. The literature used also seeks to understand and deepen, in the components necessary for the realization of humanized care. For the above, several authors were consulted through bibliographical exploration covering 34 documents. In conclusion, practice without the understanding of attributes only leads to the realization of attention by presenting as the main characteristic a vertical-one-way relationship between the professional and the user. The indispensable attributes in the realization of humanized care are: the human being, the professional-user relationship, the subject of care, communication and a holistic approach.

Análisis de factores de gestión de calidad relacionados con el control metabólico de los usuarios con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Analysis of quality management factors associated with the metabolic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

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